Neurodevelopment: From Embryo to Adult Brain

Early stages: From embryo to fetusChildhood and adolescent brain developmentNeurodevelopmental disorders Neurodevelopment involves the brain's formation of systems responsible for learning, memory, social skills, and overall function. Critical neurodevelopmental processes such as neurogenesis, synaptic pruning, and neuroplasticity guide this journey, which is strongly influenced by the interplay of genetic and environmental factors.

Early stages: From embryo to fetus Early embryonic brain development starts with the formation of the neural plate, a cumulus of nerve cells in the dorsal part of the embryo, which later forms the neural tube, eventually turning into the brain and the spinal cord.² This period represents a critical step in the fetal developmental process. The fetus's prefrontal cortex experiences a burst of synaptic development approximately 4-5 months after conception.⁴ Furthermore, the developing brain wires up the special structures that allow people to think abstractly, speak, and engage in sophisticated social relationships within this tangled network of connections.

On the other hand, the prefrontal cortex, responsible for complex cognitive behaviors, shows a different developmental timeline.² Synaptic overproduction peaks around one year of age, but adult levels of synapses are not achieved until late adolescence.² However, children are especially vulnerable to neurodevelopmental disorders .¹⁰ These conditions typically have an onset in early childhood and can persist into adulthood, affecting various aspects of life.¹⁰

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