For the family of an Alaska Native child lost at a Pennsylvania boarding school, a new study offers hope of accountability

In this file photo, Alaska anthropologist Eleanor Hadden, left, and Cumberland County historian Barb Landis embrace following a ceremony at the Indian Cemetery at the the Army War College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. There are 14 Alaska Natives buried in the cemetery including Hadden's great aunt, Mary Kininnook. Wednesday on the fates and sufferings of thousands of Native American children who were sent to more than 400 federal- and church-run boarding schools.

Carlisle administrators often took before-and-after photographs of the students, the second depicting girls in dresses and boys in shirts and ties, their hair shorn, to show the school’s progress in turning Natives into white people. The Interior Department said the ongoing count of deceased children could climb into the thousands or higher.

The federal government ran some schools itself and provided funding to Catholic, Protestant, and other churches to operate others, backing the system with laws and policies intended to “civilize” Native Americans. The seed of that system was planted in Pennsylvania, where former cavalry officer Richard Henry Pratt opened the nation’s first federally run, off-reservation boarding school at an old Army barracks in 1879.

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