The Late Heavy Bombardment refers to a period where it is believed that a disproportionately large number of asteroids collided with Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. Many meteors and meteorites impacted Mars resulting in the large number of massive impact craters on the surface of the Red Planet. The event is also believed to have created its northern lowland—so large it's visible from space—where a significant tract of Martian land appears to be literally sliced off.
"Using curvilinear coordinates transformation and groundwater flow dynamics, we developed analytic solutions for a steady unconfined groundwater aquifer beneath the southern highlands of Noachian Mars ," Shadab said. While models have been developed in the past, scientists have been relying upon the more straightforward Cartesian mapping method. No, previous Martian cartographers were not flat-earthers. But these earlier simplified models, predominantly limited to Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates, were found to be way off the mark.